References¶
The papers that gwtc_analysis and its methods rely on, numbered as they are cited in these pages
([n]). LVK stands for the LIGO Scientific, Virgo and KAGRA Collaborations. Every arXiv identifier
was checked against the arXiv API.
Gravitational-wave transient catalogs¶
[1] LVK, GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the First and Second Observing Runs. arXiv:1811.12907
[2] LVK, GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run. arXiv:2010.14527
[3] LVK, GWTC-2.1: Deep Extended Catalog of Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run. arXiv:2108.01045
[4] LVK, GWTC-3: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the Second Part of the Third Observing Run. arXiv:2111.03606
[5] LVK, GWTC-4.0: An Introduction to Version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. arXiv:2508.18080
[6] LVK, GWTC-4.0: Methods for Identifying and Characterizing Gravitational-wave Transients. arXiv:2508.18081
[7] LVK, GWTC-4.0: Updating the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog with Observations from the First Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run. arXiv:2508.18082
[8] LVK, GWTC-5.0: An Introduction to Version 5.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. arXiv:2605.27223
[9] LVK, GWTC-5.0: Methods for Identifying and Characterizing Gravitational-wave Transients. arXiv:2605.27224
[10] LVK, GWTC-5.0: Observations from the Second Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run and Updates to the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. arXiv:2605.27225
Populations and merger rates¶
[11] LVK, Population Properties of Compact Objects from the Second LIGO-Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. Definition of the Power Law + Peak model and its smoothing (App. B). arXiv:2010.14533
[12] LVK, The population of merging compact binaries inferred using gravitational waves through GWTC-3. The BBH model of the rates mode. arXiv:2111.03634
[13] LVK, GWTC-4.0: Population Properties of Merging Compact Binaries. arXiv:2508.18083
[14] LVK, GWTC-5.0: Population Properties of Merging Compact Binaries. arXiv:2605.27226
[15] C. Talbot and E. Thrane, Measuring the binary black hole mass spectrum with an astrophysically motivated parameterization. Origin of the Power Law + Peak model. arXiv:1801.02699
[16] P. Madau and M. Dickinson, Cosmic Star Formation History. Shape of the redshift evolution. arXiv:1403.0007
Cosmology with gravitational waves¶
[17] B. F. Schutz, Determining the Hubble constant from gravitational wave observations, Nature 323, 310 (1986). The standard-siren idea. doi:10.1038/323310a0
[18] D. E. Holz and S. A. Hughes, Using gravitational-wave standard sirens. arXiv:astro-ph/0504616
[19] C. Messenger and J. Read, Measuring a cosmological distance-redshift relationship using only gravitational wave observations of binary neutron star coalescences. Redshift from tidal effects. arXiv:1107.5725
[20] S. R. Taylor, J. R. Gair and I. Mandel, Hubble without the Hubble: cosmology using advanced gravitational-wave detectors alone. Redshift from a feature of the mass distribution. arXiv:1108.5161
[21] W. M. Farr, M. Fishbach, J. Ye and D. E. Holz, A Future Percent-Level Measurement of the Hubble Expansion at Redshift 0.8 With Advanced LIGO. arXiv:1908.09084
[22] J. M. Ezquiaga and D. E. Holz, Spectral sirens: cosmology from the full mass distribution of compact binaries. arXiv:2202.08240
[23] S. Mastrogiovanni et al., Cosmology in the dark: On the importance of source population models for gravitational-wave cosmology. arXiv:2103.14663
[24] R. Gray et al., Cosmological Inference using Gravitational Wave Standard Sirens: A Mock Data Challenge. The gwcosmo code. arXiv:1908.06050
[25] R. Gray, C. Messenger and J. Veitch, A Pixelated Approach to Galaxy Catalogue Incompleteness: Improving the Dark Siren Measurement of the Hubble Constant. gwcosmo's pixelated line-of-sight priors. arXiv:2111.04629
[26] R. Gray et al., Joint cosmological and gravitational-wave population inference using dark sirens and galaxy catalogues. gwcosmo 2.0 and later. arXiv:2308.02281
[27] LVK and others, A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant (GW170817). arXiv:1710.05835
[28] LVK, Constraints on the cosmic expansion history from GWTC-3. arXiv:2111.03604
[29] LVK, GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation. The analysis reproduced by the hubble_constant mode. arXiv:2509.04348
[30] LVK, GWTC-5.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation. arXiv:2605.27227
[31] Probing the Mass–Redshift Dependence of Binary Black Holes and its Implications for H₀ with GWTC-5.0. A recent test of the key assumption of spectral sirens, a mass distribution that does not evolve with redshift. arXiv:2609.25662
[32] Planck Collaboration, Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters. The reference cosmology of the GW catalogs (Planck15, Planck15_LAL). arXiv:1502.01589
[33] Planck Collaboration, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. arXiv:1807.06209
[34] A. G. Riess et al., A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of the Hubble Constant with 1 km/s/Mpc Uncertainty from the Hubble Space Telescope and the SH0ES Team. arXiv:2112.04510
Statistical methods¶
[35] I. Mandel, W. M. Farr and J. R. Gair, Extracting distribution parameters from multiple uncertain observations with selection biases. The hierarchical likelihood with selection effects. arXiv:1809.02063
[36] E. Thrane and C. Talbot, An introduction to Bayesian inference in gravitational-wave astronomy: parameter estimation, model selection, and hierarchical models. arXiv:1809.02293
[37] W. M. Farr, Accuracy Requirements for Empirically-Measured Selection Functions. The n_eff > 4N criterion. arXiv:1904.10879
[38] R. Essick et al., Compact Binary Coalescence Sensitivity Estimates with Injection Campaigns during the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaborations' Fourth Observing Run. The injection releases used by rates and hubble_constant. arXiv:2508.10638
Individual events¶
[39] LVK, Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger (GW150914). arXiv:1602.03837
[40] LVK, GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral. arXiv:1710.05832
[41] LVK and others, Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger (GW170817 and its counterparts). arXiv:1710.05833
[42] LVK, GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass ∼3.4 M☉. arXiv:2001.01761
[43] LVK, GW190814: Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 23 M☉ Black Hole with a 2.6 M☉ Compact Object. arXiv:2006.12611
[44] LVK, Observation of gravitational waves from two neutron star–black hole coalescences (GW200105 and GW200115). arXiv:2106.15163
[45] LVK, Observation of Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 2.5–4.5 M☉ Compact Object and a Neutron Star (GW230529). arXiv:2404.04248
[46] LVK, GW231123: a Binary Black Hole Merger with Total Mass 190–265 M☉. arXiv:2507.08219
Open data¶
[47] LVK, Open data from the first and second observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. arXiv:1912.11716
[48] LVK, Open data from the third observing run of LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA and GEO. arXiv:2302.03676
[49] LVK, Open Data from LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA through the First Part of the Fourth Observing Run. arXiv:2508.18079
[50] LVK, Open Data from LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA through the Second Part of the Fourth Observing Run. arXiv:2605.27090
Waveforms, detection and noise¶
[51] G. Pratten et al., Computationally efficient models for the dominant and sub-dominant harmonic modes of precessing binary black holes (IMRPhenomXPHM). arXiv:2004.06503
[52] M. Colleoni et al., Fast frequency-domain gravitational waveforms for precessing binaries with a new twist (IMRPhenomXPHM-SpinTaylor). arXiv:2412.16721
[53] B. Allen et al., FINDCHIRP: an algorithm for detection of gravitational waves from inspiraling compact binaries. The matched filter. arXiv:gr-qc/0509116
[54] S. A. Usman et al., The PyCBC search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence. arXiv:1508.02357
[55] LVK, A guide to LIGO-Virgo detector noise and extraction of transient gravitational-wave signals. Whitening, PSDs, q-transforms. arXiv:1908.11170
[56] L. P. Singer et al., Going the Distance: Mapping Host Galaxies of LIGO and Virgo Sources in Three Dimensions Using Local Cosmography and Targeted Follow-up. Three-dimensional skymaps. arXiv:1603.07333
Software¶
[57] S. Mastrogiovanni et al., ICAROGW: A python package for inference of astrophysical population properties of noisy, heterogeneous and incomplete observations; code on GitHub. arXiv:2305.17973
[58] G. Ashton et al., Bilby: A user-friendly Bayesian inference library for gravitational-wave astronomy. arXiv:1811.02042
[59] I. M. Romero-Shaw et al., Bayesian inference for compact binary coalescences with BILBY: Validation and application to the first LIGO–Virgo gravitational-wave transient catalogue. arXiv:2006.00714
[60] J. S. Speagle, dynesty: A Dynamic Nested Sampling Package for Estimating Bayesian Posteriors and Evidences. arXiv:1904.02180
[61] M. J. Williams, J. Veitch and C. Messenger, Nested Sampling with Normalising Flows for Gravitational-Wave Inference (nessai). arXiv:2102.11056
[62] C. Hoy and V. Raymond, PESummary: the code agnostic Parameter Estimation Summary page builder. arXiv:2006.06639
Neutron-star tides¶
[63] É. É. Flanagan and T. Hinderer, Constraining neutron star tidal Love numbers with gravitational wave detectors. arXiv:0709.1915
[64] T. Hinderer, Tidal Love numbers of neutron stars. arXiv:0711.2420
[65] L. Wade et al., Systematic and statistical errors in a bayesian approach to the estimation of the neutron-star equation of state using advanced gravitational wave detectors. Defines Λ̃ and δΛ̃. arXiv:1402.5156
[66] T. Dietrich, S. Bernuzzi and W. Tichy, Closed-form tidal approximants for binary neutron star gravitational waveforms constructed from high-resolution numerical relativity simulations (NRTidal). arXiv:1706.02969
[67] K. Yagi and N. Yunes, I-Love-Q. Quasi-universal relations between the moment of inertia, Love number and spin-induced quadrupole. arXiv:1302.4499
[68] L. Bildsten and C. Cutler, Tidal interactions of inspiraling compact binaries, ApJ 400, 175 (1992). No tidal locking; published before arXiv. ADS 1992ApJ...400..175B
[69] LVK, Properties of the binary neutron star merger GW170817. arXiv:1805.11579
[70] LVK, GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State. arXiv:1805.11581
[71] D. Radice et al., GW170817: Joint Constraint on the Neutron Star Equation of State from Multimessenger Observations. arXiv:1711.03647
Bright sirens¶
[72] H.-Y. Chen, M. Fishbach and D. E. Holz, A 2 per cent Hubble constant measurement from standard sirens within 5 years. The bright-siren likelihood with its selection term. arXiv:1712.06531
[73] K. Hotokezaka et al., A Hubble constant measurement from superluminal motion of the jet in GW170817. The inclination from the radio jet. arXiv:1806.10596
[74] M. J. Graham et al., Candidate Electromagnetic Counterpart to the Binary Black Hole Merger Gravitational Wave Event S190521g (ZTF19abanrhr). arXiv:2006.14122
[75] G. Ashton et al., Current observations are insufficient to confidently associate the binary black hole merger GW190521 with AGN J124942.3+344929. arXiv:2009.12346
Remnants¶
[76] L. Rezzolla et al., On the final spin from the coalescence of two black holes. The final-spin fit of catalog_statistics. arXiv:0712.3541
Higher multipoles and precession¶
[77] C. Mills and S. Fairhurst, Measuring gravitational-wave higher-order modes. The multipole SNRs. arXiv:2007.04313
[78] S. Fairhurst et al., Two-harmonic approximation for gravitational waveforms from precessing binaries. The precession SNR ρp. arXiv:1908.05707
Data releases¶
| Release | Where |
|---|---|
| GWTC-2.1 PE and skymaps | Zenodo 6513631 |
| GWTC-3 PE and skymaps | Zenodo 22685054 (v3) |
| GWTC-4.0 PE and skymaps | Zenodo 17602505 |
| GWTC-5.0 PE and skymaps | Zenodo 20348005, 20348006 |
| GWTC-4.0 sensitivity injections | Zenodo 16740128 |
| GWTC-5.0 sensitivity injections | Zenodo 19500052 |
| GW230529 discovery release | Zenodo 10845779, LIGO-P2300352 |
| GW190425 discovery release | LIGO-P2000026 |
| GW200105 / GW200115 discovery release | LIGO-P2100143 |
| GW170817 GWTC-1 products | LIGO-P1800370 (samples), LIGO-P1900011 (PSDs), LIGO-P1900040 (calibration), LIGO-P1800381 (skymap) |
| GWOSC | gwosc.org |
Software without a paper¶
| Package | Where |
|---|---|
| PyCBC | pycbc.org (see [53], [54]) |
| GWpy | gwpy.github.io |
| ligo.skymap | lscsoft.docs.ligo.org/ligo.skymap (see [56]) |
| astropy | astropy.org |